Victorian Authors


The six major Victorian poets are Alfred, Lord Tennyson; Robert Browning; Matthew Arnold; Dante Gabriel Rossetti; Algernon Charles Swinburne; and Gerard Manley Hopkins. We will study only two of them, along with two American poets who chronologically (though not stylistically) fit in the unit.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson
    Born in Somersby in 1809; one of twelve children, nine of whom (remarkably talented, though also prone to severe neuroses) survived to adulthood; began to write poetry before the age of 10; 1827, wrote more than half of Poems by Two Brothers, which contained not only his works but the works of his brothers Frederick and Charles as well; 1827, went to Cambridge and joined the Apostles, a group of young intellectuals which also included Arthur Henry Hallam; published Poems, chiefly Lyrical in 1830; left Cambridge without a degree in 1831; in 1832, published Poems, which met with some negative criticism to which he was abnormally sensitive; 1833, Hallam's sudden death sent him into severe depression; 1832-1842, Ten Years' Silence; 1842, published two-volume Poems, which established his reputation; 1850, married Emily Sellwood after a 14-year engagement, became Poet Laureate, and published In Memoriam; 1883, became the first poet presented with a peerage; died in 1892 and was buried in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

Robert Browning
    Born on May 7, 1812; received most of his education at home; learned Latin, Greek, French, and Italian by the age of 14; was influenced early on by the works of Shelley; 1828, attended the University of London for a brief period; 1837-1847, devoted himself to playwriting (unsuccessfully) and used Shakespeare as a model; 1841, began Bells and Pomegranates; developed skill with the technique of the dramatic monologue; 1846, married Elizabeth Barrett and moved to Italy, where they lived until Elizabeth's death in 1861; 1869, published The Ring and the Book, which was immensely popular; 1880's, Browning Societies were formed in England and America; 1889, died on the day Asolando, his final book of verse, was published; buried in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.

Walt Whitman--sometimes called the Poet of Democracy, or the greatest native poet America has ever produced
    Born in a small village on Long Island, NY, on May 31, 1819, second son of semiliterate parents; formal schooling ended when he was 11 years old; worked as an errand boy for a doctor and a lawyer; was a voracious reader, fond of Sir Walter Scott's works; became a printer's helper and worked for several newspapers; was for a time an itinerant teacher and a journeyman reporter/editor; 1855, published Leaves of Grass, which would appear in nine editions during his lifetime; worked as a volunteer army nurse during the Civil War; 1865, was fired from a civil service position when his superior discovered he had authored Leaves of Grass, which the superior thought was an immoral book; reinstated in government job, which he kept until 1873; 1873, suffered paralytic stroke; died March 26, 1892.

Emily Dickinson
    Born in Amherst, MA, in 1830; schooled at Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary; around 1853, became increasingly withdrawn from public, leading a solitary life especially after the death of her father in 1874; 1775 poems survive, though only ten were published (without her permission) during her lifetime; rarely wrote a poem of more than 20 lines (her longest is 50 lines); 1862, sent Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a writer for Atlantic Monthly, some poems to examine, thus beginning a friendship maintained mostly through correspondence (Higginson actually saw her only twice); died in 1886; first volume of poetry was published in 1890; 1950, Harvard University bought all available manuscripts and publishing rights and published the definitive collection of her poetry in 1955 under the editorship of Thomas H. Johnson.

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